Laws to Know

Hammurabi, the king of Babylon in the eighteenth century B.C., was the first to record the laws and their consequences.

The next time someone says it's the law, you could ask, “What kind?”

Blue Laws

These are also known as Sabbath laws. They were passed to restrict or forbid business and recreation on the Sabbath, which is the Christian day of rest. One blue law in some states forbids the sale of alcoholic beverages before noon on Sundays.

Common Laws

Rules based on custom or long usage that are usually not recorded as laws. They began in England.

Law of the Land

A phrase from the Magna Carta, the basic document of English law. Today the term refers to laws that are fundamental to democracy.

Martial Law

Temporary rule by the military that is imposed on citizens during a war, an emergency (like a natural disaster), or a political or economic crisis. Under martial law, military laws are followed instead of civil laws.

Moral Law

The law of one's conscience.

Murphy's Laws

No one is sure who Murphy was, but these laws are well known. They are:

1. Nothing is as easy as it looks.
2. Everything will take longer than you think.
3. If anything can go wrong, it will.

In times of frustration, people will often remark that things are going according to Murphy's laws.

Parkinson's Law

C. Northcote Parkinson, a British writer, formulated this rule: “Work expands to fill the time allotted to it; or, conversely, the amount of work completed is in inverse proportion to the number of people employed.” Simply said: If you have an hour to do a 5-minute job, it will take an hour to do it. A large number of people accomplish less work than a smaller number of people.

How are Laws

So now we know that a law is like a rule that we must follow. We know that Congress makes the laws, and now we will learn how they are made.

Laws start in Congress. When someone in the House of Representatives or the Senate wants to make a law, they start by writing a bill. A bill is like an early version, or a draft, of the proposed law.

Each Congress lasts about two years. During that time, Senators and Representatives may introduce thousands of bills. Yet only some of those bills will eventually become laws.

The bill has to be voted on by both houses of Congress: the House of Representatives and the Senate. If they both vote for the bill to become a law, the bill is sent to the President of the United States. He or she can choose whether or not to sign the bill. If the President signs the bill, it becomes a law. If the President decides not to sign the bill into law, it is called a veto and the bill is sent back to Congress. Congress can bypass, or override, the veto with a two-thirds vote in both the House and the Senate. The bill would then become a law.

Magna Carta

Magna Carta Libertatum commonly called Magna Carta is a charter agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215.^[b] First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons. Neither side stood behind their commitments, and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Barons' War. After John's death, the regency government of his young son, Henry III, reissued the document in 1216, stripped of some of its more radical content, in an unsuccessful bid to build political support for their cause. At the end of the war in 1217, it formed part of the peace treaty agreed at Lambeth, where the document acquired the name Magna Carta, to distinguish it from the smaller Charter of the Forest which was issued at the same time. Short of funds, Henry reissued the charter again in 1225 in exchange for a grant of new taxes; his son, Edward I, repeated the exercise in 1297, this time confirming it as part of England's statute law.

The charter became part of English political life and was typically renewed by each monarch in turn, although as time went by and the fledgling English Parliament passed new laws, it lost some of its practical significance. At the end of the 16th century there was an upsurge in interest in Magna Carta. Lawyers and historians at the time believed that there was an ancient English constitution, going back to the days of the Anglo-Saxons, that protected individual English freedoms. They argued that the Norman invasion of 1066 had overthrown these rights, and that Magna Carta had been a popular attempt to restore them, making the charter an essential foundation for the contemporary powers of Parliament and legal principles such as habeas corpus. Although this historical account was badly flawed, jurists such as Sir Edward Coke used Magna Carta extensively in the early 17th century, arguing against the divine right of kings propounded by the Stuart monarchs. Both James I and his son Charles I attempted to suppress the discussion of Magna Carta, until the issue was curtailed by the English Civil War of the 1640s and the execution of Charles. The political myth of Magna Carta and its protection of ancient personal liberties persisted after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 until well into the 19th century. It influenced the early American colonists in

"the greatest constitutional document of all times – the foundation of the freedom of the individual against the arbitrary authority of the despot".^[4]

In the 21st century, four exemplifications of the original 1215 charter remain in existence, held by the British Library and the cathedrals of Lincoln and Salisbury. There are also a handful of the subsequent charters in public and private ownership, including copies of the 1297 charter in both the United States and Australia. The original charters were written on parchment sheets using quill pens, in heavily abbreviated medieval Latin, which was the convention for legal documents at that time. Each was sealed with the royal great seal (made of beeswax and resin sealing wax): very few of the seals have survived. Although scholars refer to the 63 numbered "clauses" of Magna Carta, this is a modern system of numbering, introduced by Sir William Blackstone in 1759; the original charter formed a single, long unbroken text. The four original 1215 charters were displayed together at the British Library for one day, 3 February 2015, to mark the 800th anniversary of Magna Carta.

history of law

1st Hammurabi's Code (baby lon)

Respect.

                                          

2nd Torah (hebrews) Love even

your enemies.

3rd Roman law Human Power

4rth England 1215 liberty. Every body

must follow the law: even governors.

Types Of Law 

There are four (4) types of law: 

1. common
2. criminal
3. civil
4. administrative

COMMON LAW

Common law is judge-made, not codified or enacted through written legislation. Common law is established through precedent and customary traditions. 

CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAW 

Criminal law is generally derived by codification. A criminal case must be brought by the state and/or state prosecutor.

Civil law is a private remedy. The burden of proof in civil law is a preponderance of evidence.

DEMOCRATIC NORM AND AGREEMENTS

DEMOCRATIC NORMS AND AGREEMENTS

Donald J. Trump’s election has raised a question that few Americans ever imagined asking: Is our democracy in danger? 

 Governments that engage in electoral misconduct may reap the benefits of higher vote shares, but misconduct is also a risky practice in that it represents a violation of international standards for free and fair elections. 

The findings are consistent with earlier work by Roberto Foa and Yascha Mounk, who used World Values Survey data to show that attachment to freedom of speech and popular sovereignty appears to be weakening in many Western countries, particularly among the young.

There is no question that in the United States, Donald Trump’s presidential campaign—with its cult of personality, authoritarian style, and racial antagonism—represents the clearest manifestation of a post-democratic politics we have seen so far on the national stage. But liberals trying to lay the blame for America’s political decay at Trump’s feet alone have run into a problem: Many of his allegedly anti-democratic antics—promising to investigate his political opponents, disputing the legitimacy of the election—were alsoindulged (albeit less ostentatiously) by liberals the last time they were out of power.

Working rules, wages, terms and conditions for Operatives in the industry are contained in the National Agreement, operated jointly between the trade union, Unite (on behalf of Operatives) and BESA (on behalf of Employers). This National Agreement is the centrepiece of employee relations in the H&V contracting sector of the industry and is used mainly by companies engaged on industrial and commercial pipefitting and ductwork installation.

History of laws

The history of law is the history of our race, and the embodiment of its experience. It is the most unerring monument of its wisdom and of its frequent want of wisdom. The best thought of a people is to be found in its legislation; its daily life is best mirrored in its usages and customs, which constitute the law of its ordinary transactions.

There never has existed, and it is entirely safe to say that there never will exist, on this planet any organization of human society, any tribe or nation however rude, any aggregation of men however savage, that has not been more or less controlled by some recognized form of law. Whether we accept the fashionable, but in this regard wholly unsupported and irrational theory of evolution that would develop civilization from barbarism, barbarism from savagery, and the existence of savage men from a simian ancestry, or whether we adopt the more reasonable theory, sustained by the uniform tenor of all history, that barbarism and savagery are merely lapses from a primordial civilization, we find man at all times and under all circumstances, so far as we are informed by the records which he has left, living in society and regulating his conduct and transacting his affairs in subordination to some rules of law, more or less fixed, and recognized by him to be binding upon him, even though he has oftentimes been in rebellion against some of their provisions.

The recognition of the existence of law outside of himself, and yet binding upon him, is inherent in man's nature, and is a necessity of his being. And this is as much as to say that the very existence of human society is dependent upon law imposed by some superior power. While from our present standpoint the ultimate finite existence is that of the individual, and all true philosophy recognizes that society exists for the individual, and not the individual for society, yet it is also true that the individual is intended to exist in society, and that he must in many things subordinate his own will to that of society, and inasmuch as society can not exist without law, it is a necessary deduction of reason that the existence of law is coeval with that of the human race.

"PRESUNTO CULPABLE" ( REFLECTION)

"Presunto culpable" is a movie where a young man named Jose Antonio but in the jail they said him Toño. Toño was an inocente young man but he was fault guilty, he was accused of a comited slaughter. He was sentenced for 20 years. His family was trying to take him out of the jail.

Toño was taken to the court the professional lawyer was doing very well his work but the defender did what ever he had in his hands. Toño comed out the jail, he was in the mail for 2 years.The message that gave us that movie is that the justice in Mexico is unfair.The problem in Mexicos justice is that authorities don't fall laws.Antonio Zuñiga's life changed when he went for a walk on Dec. 12, 2005. As he crossed a busy Mexico City avenue, two burly cops grabbed him from behind and shoved him into a partol car.We learn that  principaled: is alwys tell the throught. 

THE HISTORY OF LAW

The history of law is the history of our race, and the embodiment of its experience. It is the most unerring monument of its wisdom and of its frequent want of wisdom. The best thought of a people is to be found in its legislation; its daily life is best mirrored in its usages and customs, which constitute the law of its ordinary transactions.

There never has existed, and it is entirely safe to say that there never will exist, on this planet any organization of human society, any tribe or nation however rude, any aggregation of men however savage, that has not been more or less controlled by some recognized form of law. Whether we accept the fashionable, but in this regard wholly unsupported and irrational theory of evolution that would develop civilization from barbarism, barbarism from savagery, and the existence of savage men from a simian ancestry, or whether we adopt the more reasonable theory, sustained by the uniform tenor of all history, that barbarism and savagery are merely lapses from a primordial civilization, we find man at all times and under all circumstances, so far as we are informed by the records which he has left, living in society and regulating his conduct and transacting his affairs in subordination to some rules of law, more or less fixed, and recognized by him to be binding upon him, even though he has oftentimes been in rebellion against some of their provisions.

The recognition of the existence of law outside of himself, and yet binding upon him, is inherent in man's nature, and is a necessity of his being. And this is as much as to say that the very existence of human society is dependent upon law imposed by some superior power. While from our present standpoint the ultimate finite existence is that of the individual, and all true philosophy recognizes that society exists for the individual, and not the individual for society, yet it is also true that the individual is intended to exist in society, and that he must in many things subordinate his own will to that of society, and inasmuch as society can not exist without law, it is a necessary deduction of reason that the existence of law is coeval with that of the human race.